Obstetrics/Gynecology
The most common obstetric cause of DIC is abruptio
placentae
.
Nephrology
Renal failure in the elderly more often results from renal vascular disease or urinary tract obstruction than in younger age groups. In males, obstruction is most often due to benign or malignant prostatic enlargement, while
in females it results from pelvic cancer
Pediatric
Causes of DIARRHEA in children :
CHRONIC :
In infant ;
1-postinfectious lactase deficiency
2-milk , soy intolerance
3-celiac disease
4-cystic fibrosis
In child :
1-postinfectious lactase deficiency
2-irritable bowel
3-celiac disease
3-lactose intolerance
4-giardia
5-inflammatory disease
In adolescent :
1- irritable bowel
2- inflammatory disease
3- lactose intolerance
4- Giardia
5- Laxative abuse
Pediatric
Causes of DIARRHEA in chilDREN :
ACUTE ;
In infants :
1-Gastroenteritis
2-systemic infection
3-antibiotic
In child:
1- Gastroenteritis
2- Food poisoning
3- systemic infection
in adolescent :
1Gastroenteritis
2-Food poisoning
3-systemic infection
Obstetrics/Gynecology
Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome NRDS ( hyaline membrane disease )is the most common cause of respiratory failure in the newborn and is the most common cause of death in premature infants
Microbiology | Infectious Diseases | عام General
Bug hints (if all else fails)
Pus, empyema, abscess: S. aureus
Pediatric infection: H. influenzae (including epiglottitis)
Pneumonia in CF, burn infection: P. aeruginosa
Branching rods in oral infection: Actinomyces israelii
Traumatic open wound: C. perfringens
Surgical wound: S. aureus
Dog or cat bite: Pasteurella multocida
Currant jelly sputum: Klebsiella
Microbiology | Infectious Diseases | عام General
Nosocomial infections
By risk factor:
Newborn nursery: CMV, RSV
Urinary catheterization: E. coli, Proteus mirabilis
Respiratory therapy equipment: P. aeruginosa ( Presume Pseudomonas air-uginosa when air or burns are involved. )
Work in renal dialysis unit: HBV
Hyperalimentation: Candida albicans
Water aerosols: Legionella
The two most common causes of nosocomial infections are E. coli (UTI) and S. aureus (wound infection).
Microbiology |Infectious Diseases |Obstetrics/Gynecology
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Top bugs: Chlamydia trachomatis (subacute, often undiagnosed), N. gonorrhoeae (acute, high fever).
C. trachomatis is the most common STD in the US (3–4 million cases per year).
Cervical motion tenderness, purulent cervical discharge.
PID may include salpingitis, endometritis, hydrosalpinx, and tubo-ovarian abscess.
Salpingitis is a risk factor for ectopic pregnancy, infertility,chronic pelvic pain, and adhesions.
Other STDs include Gardnerella (clue cells)and Trichomonas (motile on wet prep).
Microbiology | Infectious Diseases
Urinary tract infections
Ambulatory: E. coli (50–80%), Klebsiella (8–10%).
Staphylococcus saprophyticus (10–30%) is the second most common cause of UTI in young ambulatory women.
Hospital: E. coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Serratia,Pseudomonas.
Epidemiology: women to men = 30 to 1 (short urethracolonized by fecal flora).
UTIs mostly caused by ascending infections.
In males: babies with congenital defects; elderly with enlarged prostates.
UTI: dysuria, frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain.
Pyelonephritis: fever, chills and flank pain.
Normal flora:dominant
Skin–S. epidermidis
Nose–S. aureus
Oropharynx–Viridans streptococci
Dental plaque–S. mutans
Colon–B. fragilis > E. coli
Vagina–Lactobacillus, E. coli, group B strep
i will add more in time
